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nigger
1786, earlier
neger (1568, Scot. and northern England dialect), from Fr.
nègre, from Sp.
negro (see
Negro). From the earliest usage it was "the term that carries with it all the obloquy and contempt and rejection which whites have inflicted on blacks" [cited in Gowers, 1965]. But as black inferiority was at one time a near universal assumption in Eng.-speaking lands, the word in some cases could be used without insult. More sympathetic writers late 18c. and early 19c. seem to have used
black (n.) and, after the American Civil War,
colored person. Also applied by Eng. settlers to dark-skinned native peoples in India, Australia, Polynesia. The reclamation of the word as a neutral or positive term in black culture, often with a suggestion of "soul" or "style," is attested first in the Amer. South, later (196
in the Northern, urban-based Black Power movement. Variant
niggah, attested from 1925 (without the
-h, from 1969), is found usually in situations where blacks use the word.
Nigra (1944), on the other hand, reflects a pronunciation in certain circles of
Negro, but meant to suggest
nigger, and is thus deemed (according to a 1960 slang dictionary) "even more derog. than 'nigger.' " Slang phrase
nigger in the woodpile attested by 1800; "A mode of accounting for the disappearance of fuel; an unsolved mystery" [R.H. Thornton, "American Glossary," 1912].
Nigger heaven